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Avandia (rosiglitazone maleate) is an oral antidiabetic medication used along with diet and exercise to control blood sugar levels in people with Type 2 diabetes. It works primarily by increasing insulin sensitivity in the body’s cells.

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The Food and Drug Administration approved Avandia in 1999 to treat Type 2 diabetes along with diet and exercise. It is part of a class of drugs known as thiazolidinediones, or glitazones. The class also includes pioglitazone, which is sold under the brand name Actos, and Rezulin (troglitazone), which was withdrawn from the market in 2000 at the FDA’s request.

Rosiglitazone maleate, the drug’s active ingredient, is an “insulin sensitizer.” It makes Type 2 diabetes patients more sensitive to insulin, which helps them better maintain safe blood sugar levels. The drug does not cause the body to make more insulin. It is designed to improve the way the body uses insulin by decreasing the amount of sugar the liver releases into the blood.

Some brands combine rosiglitazone maleate with other antidiabetic agents. For example, Avandamet combines the ingredient with metformin, while Avandaryl combines it with glimpiride.

The FDA temporarily imposed strict limits on the Avandia’s use following reports of heart problems associated with the drug, but it remains available in the United States.

The typical starting dosage for Avandia is 4 mg per day, which may be taken in two 2 mg doses. The maximum dosage is 8 mg per day. With dose increases, doctors should carefully monitor for signs of fluid retention, which can lead to heart failure. Patients can take the drug with or without food.

The medication may interact with CYP2C8 inhibitors and inducers — enzymes that increase or decrease the breakdown of the drug in the body. Other drugs that interact with those same enzymes, such as gemfibrozil, may increase levels of rosiglitazone in the body by decreasing its breakdown. Drugs such as rifampin may decrease rosiglitazone levels by increasing its breakdown in the body. These interactions can alter the effectiveness of the medication.

The drug may also interact with medications that affect patients’ blood sugar levels, including insulin. Most people who take insulin should not also take rosiglitazone. For this reason, people with Type 1 diabetes should not take this medication. It is also not intended to treat diabetic ketoacidosis.

People who show signs of active liver disease should not take rosiglitazone maleate. The drug’s label advises doctors to check liver enzymes before starting a patient on the medication and from time to time throughout treatment. People should not start taking the drug if they have higher than normal liver enzyme levels.

The drug’s label cautions doctors not to prescribe the medication to people with established New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III or IV heart failure. People with a history of allergic or other reactions to rosiglitazone or any of Avandia’s ingredients should also avoid taking the drug.

Medical professionals do not know the effects of taking the medication during pregnancy. Let your doctor know right away if you become pregnant.

In general, you should not breastfeed and take Avandia, as it has been shown to transfer into breast milk in lactating rats. The prescribing information urges women to speak with their health care providers about the best way to control their diabetes during pregnancy and while breastfeeding.

Women who have not gone through menopause and who don’t have regular monthly periods may have a higher chance of becoming pregnant while taking the medication and should discuss birth control options with their doctor.

The FDA approved the drug for use only in adults with Type 2 diabetes. It’s unknown whether rosiglitazone is safe and effective in children younger than 18 years.

Avandia carries a black box warning, which is the FDA’s strongest warning, about a risk for new or worsening congestive heart failure in some patients. But the most common side effects, those experienced by 5 percent or more of participants in clinical trials, include headache and upper respiratory tract infection, according to the drug’s label.

The Warnings and Precautions section of the prescribing information also lists several less common but serious side effects of Avandia.

Some people may be at greater risk for side effects associated with rosiglitazone and should not take the drug. Share your medical history with your doctor and let him or her know of all the medications, vitamins and herbal supplements you take. Patients already on Avandia should not stop taking the drug as prescribed without first consulting a doctor.

In 1999, Avandia’s manufacturer SmithKline Beech, which later became GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), conducted a study that compared the drug to its competitor Actos. The study looked specifically at risks for heart patients.

But the results caused a problem for the company. The New York Times reported in 2010 that, “not only was Avandia no better than Actos, but the study also provided clear signs that it was riskier to the heart.”

Rather than publish the results, the manufacturer tried to bury them. But a legal settlement between the manufacturer and the state of New York in 2004 required the drug maker to post details about all of its clinical trials, including those for its new blockbuster diabetes drug.

The release led to studies that revealed risks and set off a chain of events that ended in government action including fines and penalties and restrictions on the drug. The manufacturer also paid roughly $770 million to settle more than $16,200 individual Avandia lawsuits between 2010 and 2011, and the company set aside $3.4 billion to pay for future litigation and settlement costs related to the drug.

Using manufacturer GlaxoSmithKline’s own published data, cardiologist Steven Nissen completed a study that showed Avandia increased heart attack risk by 43 percent. His peer-reviewed article appeared in the June 2007 issue of The New England Journal of Medicine.

The very next month, the journal published GlaxoSmithKline’s interim results of a study the FDA had requested it conduct beginning in 2001. The RECORD (Rosiglitazone Evaluated for Cardiovascular Outcomes and Regulation of Glycemia in Diabetes) study compared heart outcomes of rosiglitazone to other commonly used diabetes drugs. The interim findings showed no evidence of any increase in death from its use, but “a significant increase in the risk of heart failure.”

In light of the two studies, the FDA in November 2007 required GlaxoSmithKline to include a black box warning about heart risks on the drug’s label.

The Archives of Internal Medicine published a non-randomized analysis of death data among elderly patients in November 2008. The analysis found an increased risk of hospitalization due to congestive heart failure and death in patients taking rosiglitazone compared to those taking Actos.

A different analysis published in June 2010 in the Journal of the American Medical Association also compared the two drugs and found similar results.

Researchers reported an association between taking rosiglitazone and “an increased risk of stroke, heart failure, and all-cause death.” The authors also reported an increased risk of a combination of those conditions, along with heart attack, in patients 65 years old or older.

In September 2010, the FDA reacted to studies of heart risks by unveiling a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, for the drug. The REMS placed severe restrictions on the drug’s sale to only those people already taking the drug and to new patients who could not control their Type 2 diabetes with any other medications. It also imposed other strict rules on the drug’s use.

In order to continue prescribing and receiving the drug, doctors and patients were required to enroll in the Avandia-Rosiglitazone Medicines Access Program. The FDA banned the drug from retail pharmacy shelves. It could only be purchased through specific certified mail order pharmacies.

The same day as the FDA announcement, the European Medicines Agency revoked the drug’s license and banned its sale on the European market.

The FDA had held hearings in July 2010 to evaluate the drug’s safety. Although the panel determined rosiglitazone increases the risk of heart problems compared to other diabetes drugs, it was divided over removing the drug from the market.

But the FDA continued to monitor the drug’s safety, and in 2013, the agency did an about-face and removed several restrictions on prescribing and dispensing of Avandia.

“Although some scientific uncertainty about the cardiovascular safety of rosiglitazone medicines still remains, in light of the new re-evaluation of the Rosiglitazone Evaluated for Cardiovascular Outcomes and Regulation of Glycemia in Diabetes (RECORD) trial, our concern is substantially reduced and the rosiglitazone REMS program requirements will be modified,” the FDA said in a statement.

The FDA said the events leading up to the restrictions had revealed significant holes in the agency’s oversight of prescription drugs. The FDA instituted new rules that require companies to prove that new diabetes drugs don’t cause heart injuries.

In 2015, the FDA said it had “identified no new pertinent safety information,” and the agency eliminated the Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy for Avandia all together. The agency said the REMS is no longer needed to ensure that the drug’s benefits outweigh the risks.

Because restrictions in the United States limited rosiglitazone as a drug of last resort for treating Type 2 diabetes, doctors prescribed other medications first. Several potential alternatives to Avandia are available including at least one other medication in the same class.

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Board-certified physicians medically review Drugwatch content to ensure its accuracy and quality.

Drugwatch partners with Physicians’ Review Network Inc. to enlist specialists. PRN is a nationally recognized leader in providing independent medical reviews.

Reviewer specialties include internal medicine, gastroenterology, oncology, orthopedic surgery and psychiatry.

Drugwatch.com has provided reliable, trusted information about medications, medical devices and general health since 2008. We’ve also connected thousands of people injured by drugs and medical devices with top-ranked national law firms to take action against negligent corporations.

Our team includes experienced medical writers, award-winning journalists, researchers and certified medical and legal experts. Drugwatch.com is HONCode (Health On the Net Foundation) certified. This means the high-quality information we provide comes from credible sources, such as peer-reviewed medical journals and expert interviews.

The information on Drugwatch.com has been medically and legally reviewed by more than 30 expert contributors, including doctors, pharmacists, lawyers, patient advocates and other health care professionals. Our writers are members of professional associations, including American Medical Writers Association, American Bar Association, The Alliance of Professional Health Advocates and International Society for Medical Publication Professionals.

Terry Turner has been writing articles and producing news broadcasts for more than 25 years. He covers FDA policy, proton pump inhibitors, and medical devices such as hernia mesh, IVC filters, and hip and knee implants. An Emmy-winning journalist, he has reported on health and medical policy issues before Congress, the FDA and other federal agencies. Some of his qualifications include:

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